Abstract: Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. belongs to the aquatic perennial herbs of Nelumbonaceae. The N. nucifera seeds exhibit strong vitality and can survive for more than a thousand years under natural and even extreme conditions. With the improvement of N. nucifera genome sequencing and gene annotation, some progress has been made in the study of the longevity mechanism of N. nucifera seeds. In this paper, the longevity mechanism is summarized from aspects of structure, morphology, anti-aging, and self-repair, and the prospects and challenges of follow-up research are discussed.